ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
EFFECT OF SODIUM VALPROATE ON THE STRUCTURE OF THE RENAL CORTEX OF ADULT MALE ALBINO RAT AND THE ROLE OF CINNAMON
Background: Valproic Acid (VPA) is one of the most widely prescribed antiepileptic drugs and is regarded as a first choice for most forms of seizures. Although valproic acid has a wide therapeutic window, yet it is associated with many adverse effects.
Objectives: Evaluation of the effect of sodium valproate on renal cortex structure of adult male albino rats, and the role of cinnamon.
Materials and Methods: Twenty four adult male albino rats weighing 160-180 grams were divided into four equal groups: Group I: control group, group II: sodium valproate group (500 ml/kg/day orally), group III: Cinnamon extract group (4ml/rat/day orally) and group IV: sodium valproate and cinnamon extract group. Drugs were given orally once daily for four weeks.
Kidney samples were collected for histological, imunohistochmical and ultrastructural studies. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (sCr) concentration were measured. Morphometric quantitative study for area percentage of collagen fibers and Caspase-3 +ve cells were done.
Results: Examination of the renal cortex of sodium valproate ingested group demonstrated atrophied glomerulus with collapsed tuft, widening of bowman's space, degenerated tubule, hemorrhage and cellular infiltration. Moreover, the collagen fibers increased as well as focal loss of the basement membrane and brush border of the tubules. Caspase-3 +ve cells significantly increased after sodium valproate administration. Rarefaction of the cytoplasm, degeneration of mitochondria, loss of apical microvilli and pyknotic nucleus were observed in the electron microscopically study.
The kidney functions demonstrated significant increase in concentration of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (sCr). In contrast, cinnamon extract administration with sodium valproate ingested group showed some amelioration in the renal cortex structure and function.
Conclusion: Sodium valproate aggravated the histological structure of the renal cortex. However, cinnamon extract could ameliorate the changes due to its antioxidants effect.
https://amj.journals.ekb.eg/article_50449_4a3c74e398150a127f549469b4ae0e62.pdf
2019-01-01
1
28
10.21608/amj.2019.50449
Sodium valproate
Cinnamon extract
renal cortex
Mona
H. M. A. Hamouda
1
histology Department, Internal Medicine, Faculty of medicine for girls, Al-azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
AUTHOR
Fatma
S. Abdel Aal
2
histology Department, Internal Medicine, Faculty of medicine for girls, Al-azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
AUTHOR
Fattoma
H. Y. El-Mashad
3
histology Department, Internal Medicine, Faculty of medicine for girls, Al-azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
LEAD_AUTHOR
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48
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
EFFECTS OF ARABIC GUM ON CARDIOMYOPATHY IN A RAT MODEL OF TYPE II DIABETES
Background: Diabetes mellitus and the associated complications represent a global burden on human health and economics. Cardiovascular diseases are one of the leading causes of death in diabetic patients. Arabic gum (AG) is a natural compound that has a potent anti-inflammatory effect, antioxidant activity, and hypoglycemic effect.
Objective: Evaluation of the effects of Arabic gum on diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM).
Material and Methods: Thirty-two adult male albino rats of a local strain were chosen as an animal model for this study, weighed 110 -130 g (average weight was 120 g). Diabetes mellitus type II was induced in experimental rats by using a high-fat diet (HFD) for two weeks followed by streptozotocin (STZ) injection. At the end of the experiment (8 weeks), serum was obtained for the determination of glucose, insulin, cardiac enzymes (lactate dehydrogenase,creatine kinase-MB fraction and AST), lipid profile (triglycerides and total cholesterol), and oxidative stress markers (Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance and superoxide dismutase). ECG was recorded. Also, heart weight/body weight ratio (HW/BW) was calculated at the end of the experiment.
Results: Diabetic rats exhibited hyperglycemia, and hyperlipidemia accompanied by significant hypoinsulinemia. In addition, diabetic rats showed significantly increased HW/BW, serum CK-MB, AST, and lactate dehydrogenase. Oxidative stress marker increased, whereas antioxidant defenses significantly reduced in the diabetic heart. ECG also disturbed. Treatment with Arabic gum alleviated hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and heart function markers. Arabic gum also minimized the oxidative stress and boosted antioxidant defenses in the heart of diabetic rats. HW/BW decreased and ECG ameliorated.
Conclusion: Arabic gum attenuated the development of DCM via amelioration of hyperglycemia/hyperlipidemia-mediated oxidative stress. Therefore, it might be worth considering the therapeutic potential of AG for human DCM.
https://amj.journals.ekb.eg/article_50720_f7342e37746905a4c4fff8b99b8aef75.pdf
2019-01-01
29
42
10.21608/amj.2019.50720
hyperglycemia
hyperlipidemia
cardiomyopathy
Oxidative Stress
Arabic gum, ECG and Diabetes mellitus
Albayoumi
Fouda
fouda82@yahoo.com
1
Departments of Medical Physiology, Al-Azhar Faculty of Medicine
LEAD_AUTHOR
Adel
Abd El-Aziz
2
Departments of Medical Physiology, Al-Azhar Faculty of Medicine
AUTHOR
Nageh
Mabrouk
3
Departments of Pharmacology, Al-Azhar Faculty of Medicine
AUTHOR
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45. Wang, Y., Ming Ge, Z., QiangKang,W., XunLian,Z. and Yong Zhou,C. (2015): Rutin alleviates diabetic cardiomyopathy in a rat model of type 2 diabetes. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 9: 451-455.
46
46. Yasir, M., Shrivastava, R., Jain, P., Das, D., Yasir, M. and Shrivastava, R. (2012): Hypoglycemic and anti-hyperglycemic effects of different extracts and combinations of with acacia Arabica lamk in normal and alloxan induced diabetic rats. Pharmacognosy Communications, 2: 61-66.
47
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
ROLE OF ACTIVATED CHARCOAL IN LIMITING THE PROGRESSION OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE IN ALBINO RATS
Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by impaired kidney function, progressive kidney damage, unbalanced gut microbiota and disrupted intestinal mucosal barrier function. The damaged intestinal barrier functions mediated mostly by urea, allows influx of toxic products such as indoxyl sulphate that cause systemic inflammation. Activated charcoal is a universal antidote for the majority of poisons. Activated charcoal was suggested as a supplementary treatment for patients with CKD to remove waste products such as urea, indoxyl sulphate and other toxins.
Objectives: This study was designed to investigate the possible role of activated charcoal in limiting the influx of intestinal bacterial toxins to systemic circulation to limit progression of CKD in albino rats.
Material and Methods: Forty male white albino rats were divided into 4 equal groups. Sham operated control group (Group I): rats in this group were subjected to all steps of 5/6th nephrectomy except for kidney removal and sacrificed after 6 weeks, 5/6th nephrectomised group (Group II): were subjected to 5/6th nephrectomy operation, early charcoal treated 5/6th nephrectomised group (Group III ): were subjected to 5/6th nephrectomy operation and charcoal treatment (4g/kg/day) started immediately after operation for 6 weeks, and late charcoal treated 5/6th nephrectomised group (Group IV): were subjected to 5/6th nephrectomy operation and charcoal treatment started 2 weeks after operation continued for 4 weeks.
Body weight and arterial blood pressure were measured before scarification after 6 weeks. Level of creatinine, urea, indoxyl sulphate and C- reactive protein were determined in the serum. Histological studies of pieces of terminal ileum and colon stained hematoxylin and eosin were done. Renal fibrosis index was assessed in remnant kidney stained with Masson Trichome.
Results: Group II had elevated serum level of urea, creatinine, indoxyl sulfate and C- reactive protein, colonic erosions and renal fibrosis compared to control group. Group III showed decreased level of serum creatinine, urea, indoxyl sulphate and C-reactive protein with partial restoration of the colonic mucosal integrity and reduction in renal fibrosis. Group IV had altered serum creatinine, urea and C- reactive protein but not serum indoxyl sulphate. Arterial blood pressure elevated in all studied groups compared to control group and was not affected by charcoal administration.
Conclusion: Activated charcoal has the ability to limit progression of CKD and the fibrotic changes in the kidney as well as to limit the associated intestinal barrier disruption, and the early therapy was more significant compared to late interference.
https://amj.journals.ekb.eg/article_50729_d849d2d9aa97d6c6e37bb952e14e7d76.pdf
2019-01-01
43
56
10.21608/amj.2019.50729
Chronic Kidney Disease
indoxyl sulfate
Activated charcoal
intestinal barrier
Bataa
El-Kafoury
1
Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Egypt
AUTHOR
Nermine
K. Saleh
2
Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Egypt
AUTHOR
Dalia
A. Saad
3
Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Egypt
AUTHOR
M
K Shawky
4
Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Egypt
AUTHOR
Nayra
Mehanna
5
Department of Dairy and Food Microbiology, National Research Center, Egypt
AUTHOR
Elsayed
Ghonamy
6
Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Egypt
AUTHOR
REFERENCES
1
Akchurin OM and Kaskel F (2015): Update on inflammation in chronic kidney disease. Blood Purification, 39(1-3): 84–92.
2
Barreto FC, Barreto DV, Liabeuf S, Meert N, Glorieux G, Temmar M, Choukroun G, Vanholder R and Massy ZA (2009): Serum indoxyl sulfate is associated with vascular disease and mortality in chronic kidney disease patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 4: 1551–1558.
3
Bartles H, Bohmer M and Heirli C (1972): Serum creatinine determination without protein precipitation. Clin Chem Acta, 37: 193- 197.
4
Bolati D, Shimizu H and Niwa T (2012): AST-120 ameliorates epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and interstitial fibrosis in the kidneys of chronic kidney disease rats. J Ren Nutr, 22(1):176–180.
5
Cao XS, Chen J, Zou JZ, Zhong YH, Teng J, Ji J, Chen ZW, Liu ZH, Shen B, Nie YX, Lv WL, Xiang FF, Tan X and Ding XQ (2015): Association of indoxyl sulfate with heart failure among patients on hemodialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 10: 111–119.
6
Cha RH, Kang SW, Park CW, Cha DR, Na KY, Kim SG, Yoon SA, Han SY, Chang JH, Park SK, Lim CS and Kim YS (2016): A randomized, controlled trial of oral intestinal sorbent AST-120 on renal function deterioration in patients with advanced renal dysfunction. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 11: 559-567.
7
Fawcett JK and Soctt JE (1960): A rapid and precise method for the determination of urea. J Clin Path, 13: 156- 159.
8
Hamrahian SM and Falkner B. (2017): Hypertension in Chronic Kidney Disease. Adv Exp Med Biol., 956: 307-325.
9
Hung AM, Ellis CD, Shintani A, Booker C and Ikizler TA (2011): IL-1β receptor antagonist reduces inflammation in hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol, 22:437–442.
10
10. Ichii O, Otsuka-Kanazawa S, Nakamura T, Ueno M, Kon Y, Chen W, Rosenberg AZ and Kopp JB (2014): Podocyte injury caused by indoxyl sulfate, a uremic toxin and aryl-hydrocarbon receptor ligand. PLoS ONE, 9: e108448.
11
11. Ito S, Higuchi Y, Yagi Y, Nishijima F, Yamato H, Ishii H, Osaka M and Yoshida M (2013): Reduction of Indoxyl Sulfate by AST-120 Attenuates Monocyte Inflammation Related to Chronic Kidney Disease. J Leukoc Biol, 93(6):837-845.
12
12. Kelly DJ, Zhang Y and GowR and Gilbert RE (2004): Tranilast attenuates structural and functional aspects of renal injury in the remnant kidney model. J Am Soc Nephrol, 15: 2619–2629.
13
13. Lau WL, Kalantar-Zadeh K and Vaziri ND (2015): The gut as a source of inflammation in chronic kidney disease. Nephron, 130(2):92–98.
14
14. Lau WL, Savoj J, Nakata MB and Vaziri ND (2018): Altered microbiome in chronic kidney disease: Systemic effects of gut-derived uremic toxins. Clin Sci, 132:509–522.
15
15. Liu WC , Tomino Y and Lu KC (2018): Impacts of Indoxyl Sulphate and p-Cresol Sulfate on Chronic Kidney Disease and Mitigating Effects of AST-120, Toxins , 10 (9), 367.
16
16. Macfarlane GT and Macfarlane S (2011): Fermentation in the human large intestine: its physiologic consequences and the potential contribution of prebiotics. J Clin Gastroenterol, 45:S120 –S127.
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17. Mitra B and Panja M (2005): High sensitive C-reactive protein: a novel biochemical markers and its role in coronary artery disease. J Assoc Physicians India, 53: 25-32.
18
18. Mitsnefes MM. (2012): Cardiovascular disease in children with chronic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol., 23 (4) :578 - 585.
19
19. Muteliefu G, Enomoto A and Niwa T (2009): Indoxyl sulfate promotes proliferation of human aortic smooth muscle cells by inducing oxidative stress. J Ren Nutr., 19:29–32.
20
20. Mutsaers, HA, van den Heuvel LP, Ringens LH, Dankers AC, Russel FG, Wetzels JF, Hoenderop JG and Masereeuw R (2011): Uremic toxins inhibit transport by breast cancer resistance protein and multidrug resistance protein 4 at clinically relevant concentrations. PLoS One 6, e18438.
21
21. Schulman G (2012): A nexus of progression of chronic kidney disease: tryptophan, profibrotic cytokines, and charcoal. J Ren Nutr, 22(1):107–113.
22
22. Schulman G, Berl T, Beck GJ, Remuzzi G, Ritz E, Arita K, Kato A and Shimizu M (2015): Randomized Placebo-Controlled EPPIC Trials of AST-120 in CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol, 26: 1732–1746.
23
23. Shimizu H, Bolati D, Adijiang A, Muteliefu G, Enomoto A, Nishijima F, Dateki M and Niwa T (2011): NF-B plays an important role in indoxyl sulfate-induced cellular senescence, fibrotic gene expression, and inhibition of proliferation in proximal tubular cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, 301: C1201–C1212.
24
24. Sugano N, Wakino S, Kanda T, Tatematsu S, Homma K, Yoshioka K, Hasegawa K, Hara Y, Suetsugu Y, Yoshizawa T, Hara Y, Utsunomiya Y, Tokudome G, Hosoya T, Saruta T and Hayashi K (2008): T-type calcium channel blockade as a therapeutic strategy against renal injury in rats with subtotal nephrectomy. Kidney Int., 73: 826–834.
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25. Takada T, Yamamoto T, Matsuo H, Tan JK, Ooyama K, Sakiyama M, Miyata H, Yamanashi Y, Toyoda Y, Higashino T, Nakayama A, Nakashima A, Shinomiya N, Ichida K, Ooyama H, Fujimori S and Suzuki H (2018): Identification of ABCG2 as an Exporter of Uremic Toxin Indoxyl Sulfate in Mice and as a Crucial Factor Influencing CKD Progression. Sci Rep., 24;8(1), article number 11147.
26
26. Tumur Z and Niwa T (2009): Indoxyl sulfate inhibits NO production and cell viability by inducing oxidative stress in vascular endothelial cells. Am J Nephrol, 29:551–557.
27
27. Vanholder R and Glorieux G (2015): The intestine and the kidneys:abad marriage can be hazardous. Clin Kidney J, 8:168–179.
28
28. Vaziri ND, Yuan J, Khazaeli M, Masuda Y, Ichii H and Liu S. (2013): Oral activated charcoal adsorbent (AST-120) ameliorates CKD- induced intestinal epithelial barrier disruption. Am J Nephrol, 37(6): 518–525.
29
29. Xiaonan HW and William EM (2014): Mechanisms of muscle wasting in chronic kidney disease Nat Rev Nephrol, 10(9): 504–516.
30
30. Yoshifuji A, Wakino S, Irie J, Matsui A, Hasegawa K, Tokuyama H, Hayashi K and Itoh H (2018): Oral adsorbent AST-120 ameliorates gut environment and protects against the progression of renal impairment in CKD rats Clinical and Experimental Nephrology, 22:1069–1078.
31
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF SWIMMING EXERCISE ON ACRYLAMIDE INDUCED DIAPHRAGMATIC MYOPATHY IN MALE ALBINO RATS
Background: Acrylamide (ACR) naturally forms during high-temperature cooking of food. Many studies concluded that ACR has neurological, reproductive toxicities, and can produce carcinogenesis. However, the toxic effect of acrylamide on diaphragmatic muscle is not fully investigated.
Objective: To evaluate the effect of acrylamide on diaphragmatic muscle and the effect of swimming exercise on diaphragmatic muscle after exposure to acrylamide.
Materials and methods: Thirty white male albino rats classified into three groups, control, acrylamide, and (swimming & acrylamide) groups. Muscle enzymes were assayed. The diaphragm was weighed, and diaphragmatic muscle contractions were recorded and assessed histologically.
Results: Acrylamide group significantly increased Creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) and LDH insignificantly while Troponin I and T decreased. Acrylamide increased Malondialdehyde (MDA) and decreased Superoxide dismutase (SOD). Swimming exercise with acrylamide increased LDH, SOD, decreased Troponin I and T and MDA. Acrylamide increased diaphragmatic muscle weight and decreased muscle contraction immediately and after 30 minutes of activity, swimming exercise returned the weight of the muscle near to normal and increased contractions. Histologically, acrylamide group showed degeneration, splitting, fatty and cellular infiltration, dilatation and hemorrhage of the blood vessel, reduction of glycogen and decrease expression of desmin. Swimming exercise improved the histological architecture of the diaphragmatic muscle, increased glycogen content and the expression of desmin.
Conclusion: Acrylamide induced muscle myopathy by oxidative stress, muscle dystrophy, reduction of glycogen content and decreased desmin expression with reduction of diaphragmatic muscle contraction. Swimming exercise ameliorated the effect of acrylamide on diaphragmatic muscle by reversing the previous undesired effects of acrylamide.
https://amj.journals.ekb.eg/article_50730_feec7ee87a63a39bc28aaca078f7a0cf.pdf
2019-01-01
57
74
10.21608/amj.2019.50730
acrylamide
Swimming exercise
Diaphragm
Myopathy
Ghada
E. Elgarawany
1
Clinical Physiology Departments, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Egypt
AUTHOR
Marwa
Al-Gholam
2
Anatomy Departments, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Egypt
AUTHOR
Shimma
A. Metawae
3
Embryology Departments, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Egypt
AUTHOR
REFERENCES
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Abou zaid O, EL-sonbaty S, Ezz W and Barakat M (2017): Ameliorative effect of selenium nanoparticles and ferulic acid on acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity in rats. Annals of medical and biomedical sciences, 3 (2): 35-45.
2
Al-Serwi RH and Ghoneim FM (2015): The impact of vitamin E against acrylamide induced toxicity on skeletal muscles of adult male albino rat tongue: Light and electron microscopic study. Journal of Microscopy and Ultrastructure, 3: 137–147.
3
Arribas-Lorenzo G and Morales FJ (2012): Recent insights in Acrylamide as carcinogen in foodstuffs. Adv. Mol. Toxicol., 6:163–193
4
Baird MF, Graham SM, Baker JS and Bickerstaff GF (2012): Creatine-Kinase- and Exercise-Related Muscle Damage Implications for Muscle Performance and Recovery. Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism, 1- 13.
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Biltz NK and Meyer GA (2017): A novel method for the quantification of fatty infiltration in skeletal muscle. skeletal muscle, 7:1.
6
Brancaccio P, Maffulli N and Limongelli FM (2007): Creatine kinase monitoring in sport medicine. British Medical Bulletin, 81-82(1):209–230.
7
Capetanaki Y, Papathanasiou S, Diokmetzidou A, Vatsellas G and Tsikitis M (2015): Desmin related disease: a matter of cell survival failure. Curr Opin Cell Biol., 32:113-120.
8
Chen L, Deng H, Cui H, Fang J, Zuo Z, Deng J, Li Y, Wang X and Zhao L (2018): Inflammatory responses and inflammation-associated diseases in organs. Oncotarget, 9(6):7204.
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Choi MH, Ow JR, Yang ND and Taneja R (2016): Oxidative Stress-Mediated Skeletal Muscle Degeneration: Molecules, Mechanisms, and Therapies. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 1-13.
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Dhir T and Jiang N (2013): Misleading elevation of troponin T caused by polymyositis. International Journal of biomedical science: IJBS., 9(2):107.
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Dotson GS (2011): NIOSH Skin Notation (Sk) Profile: Acrylamide [CAS No. 79-06-1]. US Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service, Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health DHHS (NIOSH) Publication, 2011(2011-139):1-3.
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EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) (2015): Scientific opinion on acrylamide in food. EFSA Journal, 13(6):4104.
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Favor J (2005): Shelby Transmitted mutational events induced in mouse germ cells following acrylamide or glycidamide exposure Mutat Res., 580 (2005): 21–30.
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Gedik S, Erdemli ME, Gul M, Yigitcan B, Gozukara Bag H, Aksungur Z and Altinoz E (2017): Hepatoprotective effects of crocin on biochemical and histopathological alterations following acrylamide-induced liver injury in Wistar rats. Biomed Pharmacother., 95: 764-770.
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Jiang P, Dang R, Li H , Zhang L, Zhu W, Xue Y, and Tang M (2014): The Impacts of Swimming Exercise on Hippocampal Expression of Neurotrophic Factors in Rats Exposed to Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress, Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 1- 8.
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Lee Y, Kim J-H, Hong Y, Lee S-R, Chang K-R and Hong Y (2012): Prophylactic effects of swimming exercise on autophagy-induced muscle atrophy in diabetic rats. Lab Anim Res., 28(3): 171–179.
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Qi J, Yang B, Ren C, Fu J and Zhang J(2016): Swimming Exercise Alleviated Insulin Resistance by Regulating Tripartite Motif Family Protein 72 Expression and AKT Signal Pathway in Sprague-Dawley Rats Fed with High-Fat Diet. J Diabetes Res., 1-9.
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Rajeh NA and Al-Dhaheri NM (2017): Antioxidant effect of vitamin E and 5-aminosalicylic acid on acrylamide induced kidney injury in rats. Saudi medical journal, 38(2):132.
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Ryan AS (2010): Exercise in aging its important role in mortality, obesity and insulin resistance. Aging health, 6(5):551-63.
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Sadek M (2012): Antioxidant and immunostimulant effect of carica papaya linn. Aqueous extract in acrylamide intoxicated rats. Acta Inform Med., 20 (3):180-185.
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Soliman ME, Atteia SE, Kefafy MA, Ali AF and Radwan EM (2017): Histological study on the effect of rosuvastatin (Crestor) on the skeletal muscle of adult male albino rats and the possible protective effect of coenzyme Q10. Menoufia Medical Journal, 1; 30(4):1117.
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Yang S, Cao C, Chen S, Hu L, Bao W, Shi H, Zhao X and Sun C (2016): Serum metabolomics analysis of quercetin against acrylamide-induced toxicity in rats. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 64(48):9237-9245.
45
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
SMOKING PREVALENCE AND DETERMINANTS AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN CAIRO
Background: Tobacco use is the most leading cause of premature morbidity and mortality. Egyptian socio-demographics have changed affecting the smoking profile which may increase the already alarming smoking situation, especially among university students. This also may delay the governmental efforts to control and decrease the smoking rates.
Objectives: This study aimed to: 1) Measure the prevalence of smoking among sample of undergraduate students from selected universities in Cairo. 2) Identify the characteristics associated with smoking among university students.
Design: Descriptive Cross-sectional study was held to assess the prevalence and characteristics of smokers among university students in Cairo.
Setting: The study was held at Governmental and Private Universities, in Cairo Governorate (Egypt) during the academic year 2018-2019.
Subjects and method: A cross-sectional survey was held among convenience sample of 2672 undergraduate university students at Governmental and Private Universities, in Cairo Governorate (Egypt). Data were collected from September 2018 to February 2019. Self-administered questionnaire with 20 questions was developed to assess the prevalence and sociodemographic characteristics associated with smoking among university students.
Results: The prevalence of smoking among the University students’ sample was 24.2%. Shisha and electronic cigarettes were the most common consumed tobacco products among smokers and ex-smokers of the studied sample. The characteristics which significantly associated with tobacco products consumption included male gender, Private Universities and theoretical faculties in addition to high mother’s educational level.
Conclusion: The popularity of smoking shisha and electronic cigarettes delay the governmental efforts to control the smoking epidemic.
https://amj.journals.ekb.eg/article_50735_796b436c3305109a6121c3ea486a5e76.pdf
2019-01-01
75
88
10.21608/amj.2019.50735
Smoking
Shisha
electronic cigarette
undergraduate university students
Maiy
Mohamed Alsayed Atwa
1
Community, Environmental and Occupational Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University
AUTHOR
Wagida
Abdel Rahman Anwar
2
Community, Environmental and Occupational Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University
AUTHOR
Hasnaa
Abdel-al Abouseif
3
Community, Environmental and Occupational Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University
AUTHOR
Lamyaa
Said AlBagoury
4
Community, Environmental and Occupational Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University
AUTHOR
REFERENCES
1
Almutairi, K. (2010): Tobacco Prevalence among Health Sciences College Students (HSC): Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Middle East journal of family medicine. 8(7): 10-14.
2
Abd El Kader SM and Al Ghamdi AA. (2018): Smoking Prevalence, Attitude, Knowledge and Practice Among Applied Medical Sciences Saudi Students in King Abdalaziz University. International Journal of Pulmonary and Respiratory Sciences, 2(4):1-9
3
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019): Smoking and Tobacco Use. Data and Statistics. Fast facts and fact sheets. Youth and Tobacco Use.
4
Drope J and Schluger NW. American Cancer Society. Atlanta. U.S.A. (2018): The Tobacco Atlas. sixth edition. Chapter 7-8. Page: 26-28
5
El Awa F, Fouad H, El Naga RA, Emam AH and Labib S. (2013): Prevalence of tobacco use among adult and adolescent females in Egypt. East Mediterr Health J, 19(8):749–54.
6
El-Sharkawy GF. (2011): Cigarette Smoking among University Students: Family- related & Personal risk factors. Journal of American Scienc.7(3):260- 268.
7
Fouda S, Kelany M, Moustafa N, Abushouk AI, Hassane A, Sleem A, Mokhtar O, Negida A and Bassiony M. (2018): Tobacco smoking in Egypt: a scoping literature review of its epidemiology and control measures. EMHJ – 24 (2): 198-215.
8
Halperin A, Smith S, Heiligenstein E, Brown D and Fleming M. (2010): Cigarette smoking and associated health risks among students at five universities. Nicotine Tob Res., 12(2):96-104.
9
Hanafy K, Saleh ASE, Elmallah MEBE, Omar HMA, Bakr D and Chaloupka FJ. (2010): The economics of tobacco and tobacco taxation in Egypt. Paris, France: International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. Egypt-Report-proof 19-to Vanguard_Egypt Report 12/22/10 10:39 Am. Page 2.
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Nakkash RT, Khalil J and Afifi RA. (2011): The rise in narghile (shisha, hookah) waterpipe tobacco smoking: a qualitative study of perceptions of smokers and non-smokers. BMC Public Health, 11(1): article 315, page 1-9.
11
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12
Veliz P, McCabe SE, McCabe VV and Boyd CJ. (2017): Adolescent Sports Participation, E-cigarette Use, and Cigarette Smoking. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 53(5): e175-e183.
13
World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean. (2014): Shisha and Smokeless Tobacco Use Among University Students in Egypt. WHO EMRO Publication/ Tobacco.
14
World Health Organization. (2015): WHO global report on trends in prevalence of tobacco smoking 2015. Geneva: World Health Organization, Shisha.
15
World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean. (2017): Non communicable diseases and their risk factors. Surveillance. STEPwise approach to chronic disease risk factor surveillance. Country Reports. Egypt 2017 STEPS Survey Report, page 62.
16
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
PREVALENCE OF DEPRESSION AMONG MEDICAL STUDENTS AT AL-AZHAR UNIVERSITY: A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY
Background: Depression among medical students may promote development of physical and mental problems. Few studies investigated its prevalence among medical students in Egypt.
Objective: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of depression and to identify some related risk factors among Al-Azhar University medical students, Cairo, Egypt.
Subjects and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Faculty of Medicine (Boys and Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt. A cluster sample was taken and included students from all study years. A self-administered questionnaire was completed to 1254 students from January to March 2017. Data concerning socio-demographic and lifestyle and sleeping related factors were collected using a valid self-administered structured questionnaire including PQ-2 instrument for depression screening. The prevalence of depression was estimated, and appropriate statistical analyses were performed to compare the prevalence of depression by the studied students' factors.
Results: The overall prevalence of depression was 42.9%. The prevalence was significantly high among females (46.4%), early study years (48.4%), and those living away from family. Students reported frequent fast food intake, watching TV and use social media, not in touch with their friends, and those eating one meal per day also showed significant high prevalence. Sleeping related factors appeared to influence the prevalence of depression among the studied students where prevalence was high among those reported less sleeping hours, use of sleeping medications and those spent > 2 hours in bed before sleeping.
Conclusion: A high prevalence of depression among the studied medical students was detected. The study suggested a variety of risk factors and the need of psychiatric counseling and support services available to vulnerable students.
https://amj.journals.ekb.eg/article_50738_1b0d93ad6cb9c14a4f7f24077cb66cbb.pdf
2019-01-01
89
99
10.21608/amj.2019.50738
Al-Azhar
depression
Lifestyle
Medical students
prevalence
Alaa
Abdelwahed Shams-Eldin
1
Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Cairo , Al-Azhar University
AUTHOR
Haytham
Hassan
2
Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Cairo , Al-Azhar University
AUTHOR
Soliman
Amer
3
Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Damietta, Al-Azhar University
AUTHOR
Khaled
Kasim
4
Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Cairo, Al-Azhar University
AUTHOR
REFERENCES
1
Abdel Rahman AG, Al Hashim BN, Al Hiji NK and Al-Abbad Z. (2013): Stress among medical Saudi students at College of Medicine, King Faisal University J Prev Med Hyg., 54(4):195-199.
2
Abdulghani HM, AlKanhal AA, Mahmoud ES, Ponnamperuma GG and Alfaris EA. (2011): Stress and Its Effects on Medical Students: A Cross-sectional Study at a College of Medicine in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition., (5):516-522.
3
Eisenberg D, Hunt J and Speer N. (2013): Mental health in American colleges and universities: variation across student. J Nerv Ment Dis., 201:60-67.
4
Fluharty M, Taylor A E, Grabski M, and Munafò MR. (2017): The Association of Cigarette Smoking With Depression and Anxiety: A Systematic Review. Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 19(1): 3-13.
5
Guilbeau JR. (2012): Health risks of energy drinks: what nurses and consumers need to know. Nurs Womens Health. 2012;16(5):423-428.
6
Ibrahim MB and Abdelreheem MH. (2015): Prevalence of anxiety and depression among medical pharmaceutical students in Alexandria University. Alexandria J Med., 51: 167-173.
7
Ibrahim N, Al-Kharboush D, El-Khatib L, Al-Aabib A and Asali D. (2013): Prevalence and Predictors of Anxiety and Depression among Female Medical Students in King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Iran J Public Health, 42(7): 726-736.
8
Löwe B, Wahl I, Rose M, Spitzer C, Glaesmer H, Wingenfeld K, Schneider A and Brähler E. (2010): A 4-item measure of depression and anxiety: validation and standardization of the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) in the general population. J Affect Disord., 122(1-2):86-95.
9
Mancevska S, Bozinovska L, Tecce J, Pluncevik-Gligoroska J, Sivevska-Dahlin M, Joneborg N and Runeson B. (2015): Stress and depression among medical students: a cross-sectional study. Med Educ., 39:594-604.
10
Maurer DM. (2012): Screening for depression. Am Fam Physician, 85(2):139-144.
11
Myoung-Sun R and Sung KH. (2010): The Prevalence and Impact of Depression Among Medical Students: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study in South Korea. Academic Medicine., 85(8):1384-1390.
12
Sarokhani D, Delpisheh A, Veisani Y, Sarokhani MT, Manesh RE and Sayehmiri K. (2013): Prevalence of Depression among University Students: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Study. Depression Research and Treatment, 373857:1-7.
13
Schlarb AA, Claßen M, Grünwald J, Vögele C. (2017): Sleep disturbances and mental strain in university students: results from an online survey in Luxembourg and Germany. Int J Ment Health Syst.,11:24.
14
Sepkowitz KA. (2013): Energy drinks and caffeine-related adverse effects. JAMA., 309(3):243-244.
15
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
BIOLOGICAL MONITORING OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS AS A POSSIBLE RISK FACTOR OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA AMONG CASES OF CHRONIC ACTIVE HEPATITIS B AND C
Background: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are among the most carcinogenic, mutagenic and toxic contaminates. Their exposure and metabolism to DNA-reactive metabolites in the body are considered to contribute to the etiology of many types of the human cancers.
Objectives: To find out if exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons is a risk factor for development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) among the exposed cases, to detect if the smoking is an augmented factor for development of hepatocellular carcinoma among exposed cases, and to find the effect of socio-demographic characteristics of cases of hepatocellular carcinoma exposed to hydrocarbons.
Subjects and Methods: A case control study was conducted between the period from the first of March 2015 to end of August 2017. The study was conducted in the outpatient clinic of the Department of Hepatology and Gastro-entrology at Theodor Bilharz Research Institute (TBRI). The minimum sample size required for the present study was calculated using Epi info program, considering following data: Two sided confidence level = 95%, power of test = 80%, ratio of control: cases = 1:1, percent of control exposed = 21%, percent of cases exposed = 42 %, and odds ratio = 2.8. Kelsey estimated number of cases = 77 and number of control = 77 subjects. All subjects of both groups were interviewed. Every patient was subjected to the selected interview sheet and biological monitoring of urinary 1-hydroxy pyrene as a biomarker for PAHs exposure.
Results: 73% of cases of HCC had increased level of 1-hydroxy pyrene in urine with statistical significance difference when compared to controls. There was a significant positive association between exposure to PAHs and development of HCC among case group (OR = 4.9). There was a significant association between smoking and abnormal high level of 1-hydroxy pyrene in urine (OR = 1.7) among the case group. There was a significant positive association between exposure to PAHs and development of HCC among males (OR = 1.6). There was neither statistical significance difference nor positive association between exposure to PAHs and development of HCC in urban areas (OR=0.8). There was a statistically significant positive association between exposure to PAHs and development of HCC among smoker (OR=1.7). There was neither statistical significance nor positive association between exposure to PAHs and development of HCC among patients with chronic active hepatitis C (OR=0.6). There was a highly positive correlation between 1-hydroxy pyrene and Alfa Feto Protein (AFP) among positive cases of 1-hydroxy pyrene in case group (OR=316.25).
Conclusion: Exposure to PAHs is considered as a risk factor of HCC among cases of hepatitis B and C. HCC cases had increased level of 1-hydroxy pyrene in urine with statistical significance difference when compared to controls. A significant positive association between exposure to PAHs and development of HCC among males and smokers were also detected.
https://amj.journals.ekb.eg/article_50741_fb9c327137835c1aeab4824f8f54213e.pdf
2019-01-01
101
112
10.21608/amj.2019.50741
1-hydroxy pyrene
HCC. Hepatitis B
hepatitis C
PAHs
Raed
M Alazab
1
Department of Community medicine and Occupational medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
AUTHOR
Alaa
Abdelwahed
2
Department of Community medicine and Occupational medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
AUTHOR
Elham
A. Motawea
3
Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
AUTHOR
Sherief
A. Morsy
4
Hepatology and Gastroentrology Theodor Bilharz Research institute, Cairo, Egypt
AUTHOR
Ahmed
E. AbdRaboh
5
Department of Community medicine and Occupational medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
AUTHOR
REFERENCES
1
Angerer J and Schaller K H. (2009): 1-Hydroxypyrene. In Analyses of Hazardous Substances in Biological Materials, Volume 3, Angerer J and Schaller KH (eds), Weinheim, Germany, pp. 151-170.
2
Dietrich CG, Götze O and Geier A. (2016): Molecular changes in hepatic metabolism and transport in cirrhosis and their functional importance. World J Gastroenterol., 22(1):72-88.
3
Dong TTT and Lee BK. (2009): Characteristics, toxicity, and source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in road dust of Ulsan, Korea. Chemosphere, 74:1245-1253.
4
Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA) (2011): Egyptian environmental quality report, 2011, Cairo, Egypt.
5
El-Zayadi A, Rahman H, Abaza S, Shawky M.K, Mohamed OE and Selim HM. (2011): Prevalence and epidemiological features of hepa- tocellular carcinoma in Egypt-a single center experience. Hepatol. Res., 19:170-179.
6
Ezzat SM, Abdel-Hamid SA, Eissa N, Mokhtar NA, Labib L and El- Ghorory NN. (2014): Associations of pesticides, HCV, HBV, and hepatocel-lular carcinoma in Egypt. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health, 208 (5): 329-339.
7
Guohang J, Limin L and Liyuan C. (2012): Quantitative measurement of polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) and its metabolites in different body tissues. The Chinese-German Journal of Clinical Oncology, 11(7): 391-394.
8
Hassan M, Zaghloul AS, El-Serag HB, Soliman O, Patt YZ and Chappell CL. (2011): The role of hepatitis C in hepato-cellular carcinoma: a case control study among Egyptian patients, J. Clin. Gastroenterol., 33 (2):123-126.
9
Hansen AM, Mathiesen L, Pedersen M and Knudsen LE. (2013): Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-HP) in environmental and occupational studies-A review. Int J Hyg Environ Health. ,211(5-6):471-503.
10
Hodgson E and Rose L. (2010): metabolism of toxicants. In Hodgson E (ed) A textbook of modern toxicology, 4th edition. Wiley, Hoboken NJ, USA, pp115-156.
11
Johnson NM, Qian G and Xu L. (2010): Aflatoxin and PAH exposure biomarkers in a U.S. population with a high incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma. Sci Total Environ., 408(23):6027-6031.
12
Lee MS, Eum KD, Lee K, Kim H and Paek L. (2009): Seasonal and regional contributors of 1-hydroxypyrene among children near a steel mill. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev., 18(1):96-101.
13
Li CS and Ro YS. (2010): Indoor characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the urban atmosphere of Taipei. Atmospheric Environment, 34:611-620.
14
Makarova-Rusher O V, Altekruse SF, McNeel TS, Ulahannan S, Duffy AG, and Graubard BI. (2016): Population attributable fractions of risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States. Cancer, 122: 1757–1765.
15
McGlynn KA, Petrick JL and London WT. (2015): Global Epidemiology of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: An Emphasis on Demographic and Regional Variability. Clin Liver Dis., 19: 223–238.
16
Oanh NTK, Reutergardh LB and Dung NT. (2009): Emission of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and particulate matter from domestic combustion of selected fuels. Environmental Science and Technology, 33:2703-2709.
17
Poppi NR and Silva MS. (2015): Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other selected organic compounds in ambient air of Campo Grande City, Brazil. Atmospheric Environment, 39:2839-2850.
18
Shahtaheri SJ. (2009): Solid phase extraction for 1-hydroxypyrene as a biomarker of occupational exposure to PAHs prior to high performance liquid chromatography. Iran J Chem Chem Eng., 26(4):75–81.
19
Smith JW, Kroker-Lobos MF and Lazo M. (2017): Aflatoxin and viral hepatitis exposures in Guatemala: Molecular biomarkers reveal a unique profile of risk factors in a region of high liver cancer incidence. PLoS One.,12(12):e0189255
20
Van Larebeke NA, Bracke ME, and Nelen VV. (2010): Differences in tumor-associated protein levels among middle-age Flemish women in association with area of residence and exposure to pollutants. Environ Health Perspect., 114:887–92.
21
Wohak LE, Krais AM and Kucab JE. (2016): Carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons induce CYP1A1 in human cells via a p53-dependent mechanism. Arch Toxicol., 90(2):291–304.
22
World Health Organization (WHO) (2013): Guidelines for drinking-water quality, background document on plynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in drinking-water. WHO, Geneva, 2013.
23
Yang HH, Jung RC, Wang YF and Hsieh LT. (2009): Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emissions from joss paper furnaces. Atmospheric Environment, 39: 3305–3312.
24
Yang J, Zhang H, Zhang H, Wang W, Liu Y and Fan Y. (2017): Int Arch Occup Environ Health, 90:423-431.
25
Zhang Y, Ding J and Shen G. (2014): Dietary and inhalation exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and urinary excretion of monohydroxy metabolites - a controlled case study in Beijing, China. Environ Pollut. 2014,184:515-522.
26
Zhu X, Fan ZT and Wu X. (2011): Ambient concentrations and personal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in an urban community with mixed sources of air pollution. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol., 21(5):437-449.
27
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
EFFECT OF INTERVENTION IN LATE AND POST TERM PREGNANCIES ON NEONATAL AND EMPLOYED WOMEN OUTCOMES
Background: A prolonged pregnancy is a pregnancy between 41+ 0 weeks through 41+6 weeks of gestation. It is also known as late–term pregnancy measured from the first day of the last menstrual period. It is approximately 5 to 10 percent of all pregnancies. The pregnancy which continued beyond 42 weeks' gestation is called post term or post maturity pregnancy. It is about 1%. Postterm pregnancy is associated with higher risk of maternal and fetal complications such as emergency cesarean delivery, postpartum hemorrhage, birth canal injuries, macrosomia, meconium aspiration syndrome, and admission to neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).
Objective: To determine the effects of induction of labor in late and post term pregnancies on mode of deliveries, to determine the risk of obstetrical and fetal complications in prolonged pregnancy in employed women, to compare the maternal and neonatal outcomes between induction of labor group and expectant management group, and to detect prenatal risk indicators of prolonged pregnancy in employed women.
Subjects and Methods: Across sectional descriptive study of selected data included deliveries of late and post term pregnancies at Misurata Medical Center from the 1st of January to 30th of June 2018 where 188 patients were included in the study. Women with gestational age between 41+0 to 42+6 completed weeks and beyond were included in the study. A comparison between expectant management and induction of labor management was conducted to evaluate maternal, fetal and neonatal complications.
Results: The rate of cesarean deliveries was a significantly higher for induction of labor (IOL) group (26%) compared with expectant management group (9.6%). Besides, the more frequent occurrence of all types of perineal lacerations and episiotomies (51% in IOL group vs 16% in expectant management group) in women with vaginal deliveries.
The total number of deliveries was 2248, the full term deliveries were 1890 (84%), preterm deliveries were 170 (7.6%), late and post term deliveries were 174 and 14 (7.7% and 0.8%) respectively.
Cesarean deliveries in women with prolonged pregnancies 33 patients (17.6%); 4.8% were elective LSCS due to previous uterine scar and prolonged pregnancies and 12.8% were emergency LSCS because of pathological cardio-tocography (CTG), failed IOL and maternal exhaustion.
Postterm case, about 24% of cases had previous history of prolonged pregnancy, 20% with family history of prolonged pregnancy. 15% of cases were primigravida, 51.6% were between P1-P3, and 33% were more than P3.
In present study, neonatal outcome 98.9% were normal Apgar and 1.06% were with low Apgar less than 7 at five minutes.
Thirty six neonates (19%) were admitted to neonatal ICU, for observation and supportive management because of transient tachypnea 1-2 days after operative deliveries and discharge with good state.Regarding birth weights of neonates among women in IOL group and who had spontaneous onset labor (84%)ranging from2500 grams (g) - 4000 g, only(2.7%) were large infants more than 4000 g.
Conclusion: Induction of labor in late and postterm pregnancies was associated with increasing the rate of cesarean delivery. However, other maternal and fetal parameters were not affected by IOL.
https://amj.journals.ekb.eg/article_50744_1bf2b9e228cf4e926760eb1d82d67eec.pdf
2019-01-01
113
123
10.21608/amj.2019.50744
effect of intervention
neonatal and employed women outcomes
Muftah
Abdallah Suwan
1
Misurata Medical Center , Gynecology and Obstetrics Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Misurata, Libya
AUTHOR
Butheina
Khalil Gerriw
2
Misurata Medical Center , Gynecology and Obstetrics Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Misurata, Libya
AUTHOR
Omer
Seriti
3
Misurata Medical Center , Gynecology and Obstetrics Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Misurata, Libya
AUTHOR
Hajer
Amer
4
Misurata Medical Center , Gynecology and Obstetrics Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Misurata, Libya
AUTHOR
Ahmed
Ezzat AbdElaziz
5
Community and Industrial Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Egypt
AUTHOR
REFERENCES
1
Arora S (2017): Self-assessment and review obstetrics. Eur J Obstet Gynecol 9. 10:229.
2
Chai Y, Qu M and Jin M (2018): Application effect of single balloon catheter in labour induction of pregnant women in late-term and their influences on stress and inflammatory responses. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 15: 3352-3356.
3
Caughey AB and Bishop JT (2009): Maternal complications of pregnancy increase beyond 40 weeks of pregnancy increase beyond 40 weeks of gestation in low-risk women. J Perinatol., 26(9):540-5.
4
Church E and Katakam N (2010): Outcomes of different methods of induction of labour. BMJ, 207-211.
5
Daskalakis G and Zacharakis D (2014): Induction of labor versus expectant management for pregnancies beyond 41 weeks. J maternal Fetal Neonatal Med., 27(2): 173-176.
6
Olesen AW, Westergaard JG and Ginery BI (2013): Perinatal and maternal complications related to postterm delivery: a national register-based study, 1978-1993. Am J Obstet Gynecol., 189:222-7.
7
Pundir J and Coomarasamy A (2016): Obstetrics, Evidence- Based Algorithms, 1.Bell and Bain Ltd, UK, 237-238.
8
Sepand A and Kennrdy M (2018): Deriving a clinical prediction tool to measure the success of labor induction [12OP]. Obstet Gynecol 12.,131: 45.
9
Stock S and Ferguson E (2012): outcomes of elective induction of labour compared with expectant management: population based study. BMJ, 344:1-13.
10
Thangarajah F and Scheufen P (2016): Induction of labor in late and postterm pregnancies and its impact on maternal and neonatal outcome. Geburtsh Frauenheilk,76: 793-798.
11
Vayssiere C, Haumante JB, and Chartry A (2013): prolonged and post-term pregnancies: guidelines for clinical practice from the French College of Gynecologist and Obstetricians (CNGOF). Eur J Obstet Gynecol.,17, 01.026.
12
Wood S, Cooper S, and Ross S (2014): does induction of labour increase the risk of caesarean section? A systematic review and meta- analysis of trials in women with intact membranes. BJOG, 121: 674-685.
13